Comprehensive Cancer Care
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer. It begins in the basal cells, which are responsible for producing new skin cells as old ones die off. BCC often appears as a flesh-colored, pearl-like bump or a pinkish patch of skin. It is slow-growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. However, if left untreated, it can invade nearby tissues and cause damage.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of skin cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells found on the skin's surface. It is often caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. SCC usually appears as a red, firm bump, or a scaly, crusty patch on the skin, and it can grow and invade surrounding tissues if left untreated.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that originates in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. These cells are responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. Melanoma is often caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, as well as genetic factors.
Kaposi sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels. It is linked to human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection and often occurs in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Kaposi sarcoma usually appears as purplish or reddish-brown lesions on the skin or inside the mouth, but it can also affect internal organs.
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare but aggressive type of skin cancer. It develops in the Merkel cells, which are found in the top layer of the skin. MCC often appears as a painless, firm, and rapidly growing lump or nodule on the skin, usually red, purple, or skin-colored. It is linked to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and other factors, such as a weakened immune system or infection with the Merkel cell polyomavirus.
Sebaceous gland carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of skin cancer that arises from the sebaceous glands, which are responsible for producing an oily, waxy substance to lubricate the skin and hair. This cancer typically appears as a painless, firm, and slowly growing lump, often on the eyelids but can occur in other areas of the body where sebaceous glands are present.
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The symptoms of skin cancer can vary based on the type of skin cancer, but common signs include:
Changes in Moles: Watch out for moles that change in size, color, shape, or texture.
Irregular Borders: Cancerous moles or growths often have uneven or ragged edges.
Multiple Colors: Moles or spots with various colors, such as different shades of brown, black, red, white, or blue.
Itching, Tenderness, or Pain: Skin cancer can cause itching, tenderness, or even pain in the affected area.
Bleeding or Oozing: Cancerous growths may bleed, ooze, or crust over, especially if they are irritated or scratched.
Sores that Don’t Heal: Wounds or sores that do not heal within a few weeks can be a cause for concern.
New Growth: The development of a new lump or bump on the skin, especially if it grows relatively quickly.
Changes in Sensation: Changes in the sensation of the skin, such as numbness or tingling.
Skin cancer is diagnosed through various methods, starting with a visual examination and medical history review. If a suspicious lesion or mole is detected, the healthcare provider may conduct further tests to confirm the diagnosis. Common diagnostic methods include:
Skin Biopsy: A small sample of the suspicious skin area is removed and examined under a microscope. There are different types of skin biopsies, including shave biopsy, punch biopsy, and excisional biopsy, depending on the size and location of the lesion.
Dermatoscopy: Also known as dermoscopy, this technique involves using a handheld device called a dermatoscope to magnify and examine skin lesions. It helps dermatologists see structures within the mole or lesion that are not visible to the naked eye.
Mole Mapping: This involves photographing and mapping the moles on the body to track changes over time. Dermatologists use these images to monitor any alterations in size, shape, or color, which can indicate the presence of skin cancer.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: If melanoma is suspected, this procedure involves removing the nearby lymph nodes to check for cancer spread.
Imaging Tests: In advanced cases where cancer may have spread, imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans might be used to detect cancer in lymph nodes or internal organs.
The treatment options for skin cancer depend on the type of skin cancer, its stage, location, and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment methods include:
Surgery: Surgical removal of the cancerous tissue is a primary treatment for most skin cancers. This can range from simple excisions for smaller tumors to more complex procedures like Mohs surgery, which involves removing layers of skin and examining them under a microscope during the surgery to ensure all cancer cells are removed.
Radiation Therapy: High-energy rays are used to target and kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy is often employed when surgery is not possible or to destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery.
Chemotherapy: Drugs are administered either topically (directly on the skin) or systemically (through the bloodstream) to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy is typically used for advanced skin cancers or when cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Immunotherapy: This treatment stimulates the body’s immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. Immunotherapy is a breakthrough treatment for advanced melanomas and has shown promising results in other skin cancers as well.
Targeted Therapy: Targeted drugs are used to attack specific molecules or proteins within cancer cells. This treatment is mainly used for advanced melanomas and can be effective in cases where the cancer has specific genetic mutations.
Photodynamic Therapy: This therapy involves applying a light-sensitizing substance to the skin cancer, which is then activated by a laser light. The activated substance destroys the cancer cells.
Cryotherapy: Liquid nitrogen is used to freeze and destroy cancerous cells. This method is typically employed for small, localized skin cancers.
Electrodesiccation and Curettage: The cancerous tissue is scraped off with a curette (a sharp tool) and then cauterized with an electric needle to stop bleeding and destroy remaining cancer cells.
Isolated Limb Perfusion: This technique is used for melanomas on the arms or legs. The blood supply to the limb is temporarily cut off, and high doses of chemotherapy are administered directly to the area, minimizing the systemic effects.
Yes, skin cancer can be prevented, or its risk can be significantly reduced, by taking several precautions to protect your skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Here are some preventive measures:
Limit Sun Exposure: Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun, especially between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. when the sun’s rays are strongest.
Wear Protective Clothing: Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, wide-brimmed hats, and sunglasses that block both UVA and UVB rays to cover and protect your skin from the sun.
Use Sunscreen: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with SPF 30 or higher to all exposed skin, even on cloudy days. Reapply every two hours or more often if swimming or sweating.
Seek Shade: Stay in the shade, especially during peak sun hours. Umbrellas, trees, or other forms of shade can provide protection from direct sunlight.
Avoid Tanning Beds: Avoid the use of tanning beds and sunlamps, as they emit harmful UV radiation that can increase the risk of skin cancer.
Perform Regular Skin Self-Exams: Be familiar with your skin and perform monthly self-examinations to detect any changes in moles, freckles, or other skin marks. Consult a dermatologist if you notice any suspicious changes.
Protect Children: Children are especially vulnerable to the sun’s harmful rays. Keep them well-covered and protected with sunscreen, hats, and sunglasses.
Be Cautious Near Water, Snow, and Sand: These surfaces can reflect and intensify the sun’s rays, increasing the risk of sunburn.
Know Your Medications: Some medications can increase sensitivity to sunlight. Consult your healthcare provider or pharmacist to learn about potential side effects.
Stay Informed: Stay updated on sun safety guidelines and skin cancer awareness. Education and awareness can help you make informed choices about sun protection.
